Abstract
Existing deep quantization methods provided an efficient solution for large-scale image retrieval. However, the significant intra-class variations like pose, illumination, and expressions in face images, still pose a challenge for face image retrieval. In light of this, face image retrieval requires sufficiently powerful learning metrics, which are absent in current deep quantization works. Moreover, to tackle the growing unseen identities in the query stage, face image retrieval drives more demands regarding model generalization and system scalability than general image retrieval tasks. This paper integrates product quantization with orthonormal constraints into an end-to-end deep learning framework to effectively retrieve face images. Specifically, a novel scheme that uses predefined orthonormal vectors as codewords is proposed to enhance the quantization informativeness and reduce codewords' redundancy. A tailored loss function maximizes discriminability among identities in each qua