Quantum logic operations and algorithms in a single 25-level atomic qudit

Abstract

Scaling quantum computers remains a substantial scientific and technological challenge. Leveraging the full range of intrinsic degrees of freedom in quantum systems offers a promising route towards enhanced algorithmic performance and hardware efficiency. We experimentally study the use of ${}^{137}$Ba${}^{+}$ ions for quantum information processing, achieving high-fidelity state preparation and readout of up to 25 internal levels, thus forming a 25-dimensional qudit. By probing superpositions of up to 24 states, we investigate how errors scale with qudit dimension $d$ and identify the primary error sources affecting quantum coherence. Additionally, we demonstrate high-dimensional qudit operations by implementing a 3-qubit Bernstein-Vazirani algorithm and a 4-qubit Toffoli gate with a single ion. Our findings suggest that quantum computing architectures based on large-dimensional qudits hold significant promise.