On the moments of random quantum circuits and robust quantum complexity

Abstract

We prove new lower bounds on the growth of robust quantum circuit complexity -- the minimal number of gates $C_{\delta }(U)$ to approximate a unitary $U$ up to an error of $\delta$ in operator norm distance. More precisely we show two bounds for random quantum circuits with local gates drawn from a subgroup of $SU(4)$. First, for $\delta =\Theta (2^{-n})$, we prove a linear growth rate: $C_{\delta }\ge d/\mathrm{poly}(n)$ for random quantum circuits on $n$ qubits with $d\le 2^{n/2}$ gates. Second, for $\delta =\Omega (1)$, we prove a square-root growth of complexity: $C_{\delta }\ge \sqrt{d}/\mathrm{poly}(n)$ for all $d\le 2^{n/2}$. Finally, we provide a simple conjecture regarding the Fourier support of randomly drawn Boolean functions that would imply linear growth for constant $\delta$. While these results follow from bounds on the moments of random quantum circuits, we do not make use of existing results on the generation of unitary $t$-designs. Instead, we bound the moments of an auxiliary random walk on the diagonal unitaries acting on phase states. In particular, our proof is comparably short and self-contained.